Sources & Key Research — Ancient Plant Medicines

[1] Vamvakopoulou, I. A. et al. (2024). Psychedelics: from cave art to 21st-century medicine for addiction. European Addiction Research. Read the study.

[2] Therapeutic Goods Administration (2023). Change to classification of psilocybin and MDMA to enable prescribing by authorised psychiatrists. Read more.

[3] Wasko, M. J. et al. (2018). Dark classics in chemical neuroscience: ibogaine. ACS Chemical Neuroscience. Read the study.

[4] Alper, K. R. et al. (1999). Treatment of acute opioid withdrawal with ibogaine. American Journal on Addictions. Read the study.

[5] Cherian, K. N. et al. (2024). Magnesium-ibogaine therapy in veterans with traumatic brain injuries. Nature Medicine. Read the study.

[6] Litjens, R. P. W. & Brunt, T. M. (2016). How toxic is ibogaine? Clinical Toxicology. Read the study.

[7] Brunt, T. M. (2026). Rare but relevant: ibogaine and cardiovascular complications, prolonged QT interval and ventricular arrhythmias. Addiction. Read the study.

[8] Palhano-Fontes, F. et al. (2022). Ayahuasca for the treatment of depression. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. Read the study.

[9] Palhano-Fontes, F. et al. (2018). Rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Psychological Medicine. Read the study.

[10] Haupt, M. J. et al. (2026). Preliminary effects of ayahuasca on mental and physical health: a systematic review of prospective studies. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. Read the review.

[11] Cassels, B. K. & Sáez-Briones, P. (2018). Dark classics in chemical neuroscience: mescaline. ACS Chemical Neuroscience. Read the study.

[12] Ogunbodede, O. et al. (2010). New mescaline concentrations from 14 taxa/cultivars of Echinopsis spp. (Cactaceae) ("San Pedro") and their relevance to shamanic practice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Read the study.

[13] El-Seedi, H. R. et al. (2005). Prehistoric peyote use: alkaloid analysis and radiocarbon dating of archaeological specimens of Lophophora from Texas. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Read the study.

[14] Nichols, D. E. (2025). History of psychedelic drug science and molecular pharmacology. International Review of Neurobiology. Read the review.

[15] Agin-Liebes, G. et al. (2021). Naturalistic use of mescaline is associated with self-reported psychiatric improvements and enduring positive life changes. ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science. Read the study.

[16] Moloudizargari, M. et al. (2013). Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Peganum harmala and its main alkaloids. Pharmacognosy Reviews. Read the review.

[17] Lancelotta, R. (2022). 5-MeO-DMT has not been found in traditional ayahuasca preparations and the combination of 5-MeO-DMT with MAOIs is dangerous. Human Psychopharmacology. Read the study.

[18] Frison, G. et al. (2008). A case of beta-carboline alkaloid intoxication following ingestion of Peganum harmala seed extract. Forensic Science International. Read the study.

[19] Carod-Artal, F. J. (2011). Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures. Neurología. Read the study.

[20] Casselman, I. et al. (2013). From local to global: fifty years of research on Salvia divinorum. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Read the study.

[21] Cunningham, C. W. et al. (2011). Neuropharmacology of the naturally occurring kappa-opioid hallucinogen salvinorin A. Pharmacological Reviews. Read the review.

[22] Chamakura, R. P. (1994). Bufotenine: a hallucinogen in ancient snuff powders of South America and a drug of abuse on the streets of New York City. Forensic Science Review. Read the review.

[23] Bouso, J. C. et al. (2022). Adverse effects of ayahuasca: results from the Global Ayahuasca Survey. PLOS Global Public Health. Read the study.

[24] Andión, Ó. et al. (2025). A new insight into ayahuasca's adverse effects: reanalysis and perspectives on its mediating role in mental health from the Global Ayahuasca Survey (GAS). PLOS Mental Health. Read the study.