Sources & Key Research — MDMA-Assisted Therapy

[1] Freudenmann, R. W., Oxler, F. & Bernschneider-Reif, S. (2006). The origin of MDMA (ecstasy) revisited: the true story reconstructed from the original documents. Addiction. Read the study.

[2] Passie, T. & Benzenhöfer, U. (2016). The history of MDMA as an underground drug in the United States, 1960–1979. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. Read the study.

[3] Mitchell, J. M. et al. (2021). MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Nature Medicine. Read the study.

[4] Mitchell, J. M. et al. (2023). MDMA-assisted therapy for moderate to severe PTSD: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Nature Medicine. Read the study.

[5] Therapeutic Goods Administration. Prescribe MDMA or psilocybine (psychiatrists). Read more.

[6] Benzenhöfer, U. & Passie, T. (2010). Rediscovering MDMA (ecstasy): the role of the American chemist Alexander T. Shulgin. Addiction. Read the study.

[7] MAPS (10 August 2026). MAPS responds to report of progress for MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD with FDA. Read more.

[8] Psychopharmacology (2024). Retraction note: Long-term follow-up outcomes of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of PTSD: a longitudinal pooled analysis of six phase 2 trials. Read the study.

[9] Psychopharmacology (2024). Retraction note: MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of PTSD: study design and rationale for phase 3 trials based on pooled analysis of six phase 2 randomized controlled trials. Read the study.

[10] Psychopharmacology (2024). Retraction note: Discontinuation of medications classified as reuptake inhibitors affects treatment response of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. Read the study.